Which molecules serve as amplifiers in ACh signal transduction?

In the context of acetylcholine (ACh) signal transduction, second messengers play a crucial role in amplifying the signal received by the cells. When ACh binds to its receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, it can trigger various intracellular pathways that involve second messengers.

These second messengers, which include molecules such as cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, inositol trisphosphate, and calcium ions, help to transmit and amplify the signal initiated by ACh binding. This amplification is essential for ensuring that even a small amount of ACh can lead to significant physiological responses, such as muscle contraction or changes in heart rate.

In contrast, neurotransmitters themselves are the primary signaling molecules that initiate the response but do not function as amplifiers in the signal transduction pathway. Similarly, cyclic nucleotides and hormones do not directly act as amplifiers within this specific context, though cyclic nucleotides can be considered a type of second messenger. Thus, the emphasis on second messengers as amplifiers clearly highlights their important role in enhancing and propagating the ACh signal within the cell.